Congress And Term Limits Essays - James Madison,

Congress And Term Limits Whether or not Congress should have term limits has been a long debated question that is proposed as an amendment to the qualifications clause of the Constitution. There are excellent arguments on either side of the issue; unconstitutionality versus limiting power and diversity versus seniority are just a few. First are the arguments that term limits are democratic. The advocates of this point of view believe that creating term limits would not only add diversity to Congress, but also provide Congress members that are more accountable and not as isolated from their constituents. On the other hand, the arguments against term limits are equally notable. Those opposed to term limits believe that "[they] are antidemocratic, restricting people's electoral choices," and that they would not make the Congress members more accountable, but, instead, "shift the focus of members of Congress even more in the direction of local and immediate concerns." There are good and bad points to both sides of the argument. For instance, opposition of the term limits say it's unconstitutional, but we do have term limits on the presidency. Also, advocates want to Congress members from staying in a long time. However, most don't stay in over twelve years anyway and if the current members in seniority all leave who will be able to lead with enough wisdom and discernment? Either way you go someone's not going to be happy. If only we could be unhappy and right, though.

Tools and Approaches of Conflict Resolution

Tools and Approaches of Conflict Resolution Introduction Conflict resolution is phenomenal in all levels of corporate and individual management. Different tools and approaches have been proposed and practiced around the world in addressing different situations. This essay explores three of them, namely: constructive controversy, power and communication.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tools and Approaches of Conflict Resolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Constructive Controversy Intellectual conflicts can be constructive to motivate people in seeking external understanding to accommodate a wider range of views. Constructive controversy mainly encompasses unforced discussions which generate creative ways of problem solving. This can be contrasted to general debates, personal processes or concurrence seeking. Most people form primary conclusion and rationale when faced with a problem that requires a solution (Deutsch, Coleman Marcus, 2006). Nevertheless, this usually turns into uncertainty when challenged with different opinions which trigger the search for the truth and reasonable stances. It is always a cooperative endeavor that aims at accommodating varying perspectives from other people and yields solutions which promote positive feelings among participants. Importantly, constructive controversies occur in cooperative contexts where players are collaborators and are open to criticism and different perspectives. In this case, participants get motivated to find creative and quality solutions through reasoning which leads to change of attitude and self esteem (Dana, 2001). Furthermore, constructive controversy can be implemented in decision making by use of advocacy teams which develop cases for their group before reversing their initial position and then having a conclusive debate. It can also be used to enhance academic learning where students through groups, handle a problem from two opposing sides before consensus class discu ssions. This approach is important in promoting democracy. Power and Conflict From a general perspective, power plays a major role in a wide range of conflicts. As a result, there are misconceptions about power including a feeling of competitiveness and physical implication such that it flows in a single direction. Some theorists view power as coercive when exercised over others while others view it from a cooperative stance that is, â€Å"power with† others. Additionally, power is viewed within the context of being dependent and independent. Independent theorists believe in empowerment and the ability to exercise power minus any disability. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Power therefore utilizes the interplay between an individual’s characteristics and those of the existing conflict. In this case, the individual uses a variety of resources and str ategies of authority to achieve holistic goals. Significant spheres of personal power are: motivational, ethical and cognitive orientations. Individuals may be motivated to exercise either personal or group power (Deutsch, Coleman Marcus, 2006). This is mainly determined by the role being played, hierarchy in terms of position and culture which defines attitude towards power. Notably, competition of power arises when â€Å"power over† is exercised resulting into impairment of reasonable solutions. On the other hand, cooperative conflicts allow several alternatives to accomplish a competitive strategy and relevant power out to be considered to achieve desired goals. Training in conflict resolution is important to avoid friction between high and low-power groups (Deutsch, Coleman Marcus, 2006). Communication and Conflict Communication is a major tool in conflict resolution as depicted from several models. The coding-encoding model views communication as a process which invo lves encoding, transmission and decoding of information (Deutsch, Coleman Marcus, 2006). Good communication calls for proper communication that eliminates erroneous noise which may distort the message leading to misunderstanding. Secondly, intentionalist model looks at different meanings derived from similar words. It calls for having a shared language background that gives a common understanding as opposed to preconceived perceptions. Speakers should know the intended meaning and reflect on the interpretation of listeners. On the other hand, perspective-taking model acknowledges different point of views from participants sharing language and culture. Successful communication as applied in conflict resolution occurs when a speaker considers the perception of listeners than having misinformed judgment and stereotypes. Lastly, dialogic model underlines collaborative and cooperative approaches in communication within particular contexts of conflicts. It considers listeners as active participants with equal role in understanding the message. This can be achieved through questions from listeners seeking clarity of ideas. Equivalently, good communicators ought to put into account the form of the message as it may affect its content (Dana, 2001). Coupled with positive intentions, good communication makes the process of conflict resolution possible while the converse may exacerbate the situation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tools and Approaches of Conflict Resolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Dana, D. (2001). Conflict resolution: mediation tools for everyday work-life. New York City, U.S: McGraw-Hill Professional. Deutsch, M., Coleman, P. T. Marcus, C. E. (2006). The handbook of conflict resolution: theory and practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.

Critical Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Critical Book Review - Essay Example Power and Schulkin’s work is a valuable contribution to the growing literature on the biology of obesity, and it probes both the causes and consequences of the epidemic sweeping across developed societies. One positive aspect of The Evolution of Obesity is the fact that Power and Schulkin do not address the best way to respond to obesity, as the wealth of diet and self-help books on the market today attempt to do. What Power and Schulkin set out to accomplish is a biological survey of the nature of obesity, its causes, and its social consequences. An evolutionary approach to the complex nature of the human body (and their adaptations through millennia) is ultimately a superior approach than any other research model currently being used to explain obesity. Because Power and Schulkin make their purpose in this book clear from the outset, its arguments and findings are relatively easy to follow. Their purpose is to explain recent changes in the shape and size of human beings through the lens of evolutionary science. Although it is not controversial to say that society carries the past with it, the idea of evolution that human beings carry millions of years of fine tuning in their bodies and minds is quite controversial. But according to the theory of evolution, this is correct: that many different structures in the human body have different purposes based on adaptation and survival. For instance, the authors write, â€Å"molecules that regulate physiology and behavior are ancient and have been co-opted to perform multiple functions that vary with tissue, stage of development, and the conditions of the internal milieu† (Power & Schulkin, 2009, p. viii). In the in-depth analysis of primate evolutionary history that follows, the aut hors conclude that interactions between biology and environment in the history of man has produced the ability of humans to absorb fats easily compared with other omnivores (especially primates) and, in the modern

MARKETING IMPLEMENTATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MARKETING IMPLEMENTATION - Essay Example ucceed, there is a need to recognize a problem within the market niche, know where the problem is emanating from, executing plans and evaluating the results of the executed plans. The marketing strategies can be implemented by using internal marketing and total quality management approaches. Pride & Ferrell note, "Both approaches represent mindsets that marketing managers may adopt when organizing and planning marketing activities† (2004). Internal marketing involves the administrative actions that are needed to make the employees of the company accept their obligations in the marketing process. Customers are also important in the internal market as they buy a firm’s products. Total quality refers to the output that the firm(s) gives to its customers. It focuses to meet the customers need to gain satisfaction from a product. Total quality method relies on the ability of employees to repeatedly increase the quality of goods and services in the organization. It takes into consideration organizing the products, region it distributes its products to and organizes its targeted customers. â€Å"Just like external marketing activities, internal marketing can involve market segmentation, research, distribution, product development, and even public sales promotion" (Pride 2004). Constant enhancement of an organizations goods and services is by the idea that the quality is free but having low quality of goods and services can lead to the number of dissatisfied customers hence can be expensive. In conclusion, marketing implementation connects with market strategies. The strategies have to be implemented through internal marketing and total quality management approaches. The ultimate result of an appropriate strategy is satisfied employees and enhanced customer

Argumentative on immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argumentative on immigration - Essay Example supports multiculturalism, notions of racism are suppressed and culturally diverse consumers use the product, which potentially increases the volume of consumers. Business entrepreneurs are able to maximize their profits by offering work to the immigrants. Immigrants normally accept to work at pays considerably lower than what are offered to the local people. Although the pays are lower than usual, yet they are considerably higher than what the immigrants would get in their homelands. So they happily accept to work, and the owners are able to save the money. Immigration strengthens the economy of poor countries. Immigrants send a major portion of the money earned to their families in their homelands. The remittance is a potential means of strength of a nation’s economy. Many countries have benefited from the income of people who seek work outside their home countries. Immigration offers a lot of advantages both to the immigrants, the country they immigrate from and the country they immigrate to. Some of the obvious advantages of immigration are multicultural marketing of products, increased profitability of business and strengthened economy of poor

Care Plan and Interventions for Suicidal Patient

Care Plan and Interventions for Suicidal Patient CARE DELIVERY This essay will explore the effectiveness of the care delivered to one of the author’s service users whilst on clinical placement. This essay will demonstrate how the author developed therapeutic relationships through the use of appropriate communication and interpersonal skills in order to achieve this. Furthermore this essay will look at the formulation and documentation of the service user’s care plan involving the service user’s family and carers within a framework of informed consent. This essay will also evaluate and document the outcomes of nursing and other interventions. This essay will finally discuss the opportunities utilised and created to promote the health and well-being patients. In line with the codes of conduct for the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2010), the author has sought and received voluntary and informed consent from the client whom the author will, for the purpose of confidentiality, be referred to under the pseudonym Alice Azonto. Further to this, all names and locations will be referred to under pseudonyms for the same purpose. The author will refer to Alice Azonto by her first name ‘Alice’ as is her preference. Alice is a 47 year old woman who attempted to commit suicide having taken an overdose of paracetamol following the death of her husband. She was rushed to a local hospital for medical attention when found by her neighbour and a good friend Dona in a semi-conscious state. Alice collapsed in her kitchen floor with empty sachets of tablets beside her and a suicide note addressed to her only son John who lives in a nearby city. It appeared that Alice has not been eating and drinking well. This resulted in weight lost and a chronic lung condition because of excessive smoking. It also appeared that Alice has been neglecting herself and there were signs she had made superficial cuts to her wrists. Alice was diagnosed of depression and was detained under section 2 of the Mental Health Act (MHA, 2007) when she refused to be admitted voluntarily following an assessment. Hospital environment can be very stressful for clients when they first arrive on the ward. Nurses need to engage positively with clients to develop therapeutic relationship. Barker (2009, p.36) argues that, therapeutic relationship empower clients to learn or cope more effectively with their environment. The nurse commenced a therapeutic relationship with Alice by initially introducing himself and addressed her by her preferred name. Alice was listened to and reassured by the nurse without any immediate advice or diminishing his feelings. NMC (2010) recommends that patients must be treated as individuals and respect their dignity. Alice was offered a daily 1:1 sessions with the nursing team which enabled staff identified his goals and wishes which were incorporated into his plan of care. Department of Health (DOH, 2006) asserts that 1:1 sessions are therapeutic; they enable the service user to engage well with staff as it empowers them to express their feelings and thoughts. A person-centred plan of care was devised in other to deliver effective care to promote Alice recovery. NICE (2009) recommends that treatment and care should take into account patients’ needs and preferences. It further suggests that people with depression should be given the opportunity to make informed decisions about their treatment and care together with their healthcare professional involved in their care. Different allied health professionals such as the psychiatrists, psychologists, GP, nurses, social workers, OT and other community care providers were involved Alice care because of the severity his complex mental and physical health needs. DOH (2004) the ten essential shared capabilities recommend that professionals, patients, families and carers should work in partnership to provide quality care. Consent was sought from Alice whether she wanted his son John to be involved in her care. Gaining consent is a legal aspect of mental health nursing and it shows that patients are treated with respect (Diamond, 2008 p. 234). Alice and her son were fully involved in every aspect of the plan of care. CPA (2008) recommends that patients, families and carers should be involved in decision making in regard to their care plans. The author and the nursing team provided Alice with vital information to promote her choice and to enable Alice to make informed decisions. To make sure Alice’s needs were still being met, the MTD reviewed her mental and physical health regularly and amended her plan of care accordingly with any significant changes. No Health without Mental Health (2011) affirmed that meeting service users other needs improves their quality of life and provides good well-being. Alice was initially nursed within eyesight observation which was later reviewed to general observation due to the nature of her illness and presentation per (NICE, 2005) recommendation. Alice had prompts, reassurance and full support from the nursing team in maintaining her personal hygiene needs. Alice had regular appointments with her GP to monitor her chronic lung condition and was also provided with bereavement support and counselling. NHS (2012) recommends that bereavement support should be offered to patients, carers, and families if they lose a dear one as it has impact on their mental health and well-being. Alice was made aware of options of treatment available to her as guided by (NICE, 2009). Food and fluid intake chart was also put in place to monitor her dietary. Alice was provided with the available social support networks and with the support of an OT Alice engaged in purposeful activities to help lift her mood up and promote her independence. New Horizons (2011, p. 136) suggests that occupational activities are therapeutic and they help patients to engage with staff and other patients on the ward and builds self-worth and confidence towards discharge. In addition to the antidepressant treatment, Alice also had the team psychologist inputs to help promote her prompt recovery. NICE (2009) recommends that, people with moderate or severe depression should be provided with a high-intensity psychological intervention i.e. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) or Individual Personal Therapy (IPT) with a combination of antidepressant medication. Papageorgiou, C. et al. (2011) affirms that, one of the most widely known types of psychological therapy for depression is CBT, which combines both cognitive and behavioural techniques into an integrated whole. The nurse and the MDT have educated Alice on how to promote healthier lifestyles choices and provided Alice with information in the form of leaflets about her condition and range of information on smoking cessation so that she can make her own informed choice. Wrycraft (2009) argues that, mental health promotion is an activity healthcare professionals carryout as part of their everyday practice in their roles and do not realise they are engaging in such activity. However at other times they actively seek information about health promotion activities Staff facilitated these health promotions by strengthening the patients on the ward, they increased emotional resilience through 1:1sessions and negotiating with the patients to promote her self-esteem and coping skills. The MDT should review her plan of care depending of her progress.

Report on Classroom Observation Essay

Introduction Internship teaching is the culminating experience of the first degree program in education. It provides the opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge on pedagogies in the actual classroom setting and gain the experience. The internees are exposed to an environment where they encounter learners for the first time and face them with multitude of ideas, approaches, techniques and processes. During the internship period I got ample opportunities to demonstrate the art of teaching in actual situation and participate in all activities at the school level. The duration of internship was one semester. I tried to perform the assigned responsibilities in Azimpur Girl’s School and College under the direct management and control of the heads of respective school and under the supervision of two subject-supervisors and a school co-coordinator, assigned by Institute of Education and Research, University of Dhaka. Aim Teaching is in the center regarding all educational issues. So as a student of Institute of Education and Research, we should have an experience in teaching at the field level. Before starting teaching face to face it helps a practice teacher to acquaint themselves with the process, method of teaching if they observe a class of a certain level before entering in a class as a teacher. I have observed 3 science classes of grade 8. I have analyzed those classes and gave a brief description of one of the classes below. Azimpur Girl’s School and College Class: 8Sec: B Time: 11. 45-12. 25 Date: 29. 08. 05 Period: 2nd About the lesson The class was on physical science on â€Å"Work, Power and Energy†. The lesson contains discussion about the following topics: 1) Work and the mathematical expression of work 2) Different types of work 3) Power Description I had to observe the physical science class of Md. Shamsul Alam sir. I was waiting in front of his classroom. When he came I asked him politely if he could give me the permission to observe his class. He told me to sit in the class. When the teacher entered the class all the students’ stood up and when he told them to sit, they took their sits. At first he declared the lesson. Then he started his lecture by relating the lesson with practical experiences. Then he showed the mathematical expression in the black board. He explained the different types of work and to do so he dropped the duster from his hand and so also took a book higher from the desk. Now he told that if any student is more curious to know more about this he could go through the text book of higher secondary level, but this is adequate to write down in the exam paper. Then he asked the class â€Å"what is power? † one of the students answered. He agreed with him. Then he discussed on the unit of power. After that, he discussed with the students on energy, its unit and different forms of energy. He sometimes asked some examples and the students’ participated. While continuing the class he also told students to co operator with me. He left the class before the due time to let me introduce myself in the class. I talked with the class about their class times, syllabus, hobbies etc. when the bell rang for the next class, I left the room. Main features of the lesson observed: A. Physical facilities: †¢ Location of the class: The class is in the middle of the 2nd floor in the main school building. †¢ Shape of the class: The shape of the class room is almost square. †¢ Doors and windows: All the windows are in the right side of the class and the only door is in the left side of the room. The door is not very much spacious. †¢ Students’ bench and table: Every 23 students sit in a bench. The bench and the writing table are joined together. There is a long wooden string in every two sides of bench. There are columns and every column has rows with only one bench. There are 4 columns and 5 rows of benches in the classroom. The benches are not that much congested. Students have space to easily move. †¢ Blackboard: The blackboard is put in the wall of the class. It is not portable but fixed. It is not in the middle of the front wall. So all of the students cannot see easily what is written in the board. †¢ Lighting and ventilation: The natural lighting is not quite adequate for the class. The cross ventilation is not available in the classroom. †¢ Provision of artificial lighting and ventilation: There are 4 electric fans and lights in the class. But this is not quite adequate for the room. As there is no generator in the school and power failure being a common problem, sometimes students face problems as they suffer from the hot summer and cannot concentrate to their lessons. There is another problem of the artificial lighting as it is reflected in the blackboard and the front right side of the class cannot see the right corner of the board. †¢ Teachers table and chair: The wooden chair and table are in the front side of the class. The table is spacious but its drawers are hardly movable. The chair is quite ok as we should use in not for a long time to sit there while teaching. †¢ Color of the class: The colors of the walls are white but fade. It should be brighter. †¢ Other furniture: There are no other furniture except the above mentioned desk and benches for the students and the chair and table. B. Evaluation of the teacher’s proficiency: †¢ Dress up: His dress up was suitable for the class. †¢ Teaching method: His teaching method is good. When he was working out the problems, he asked the students for its possible solution. It shows that he applied the participatory approach. Sometimes he feels the need for recalling. So he asked the students to write down the important notes. He relates his lessen with real life. He told the students about he group of problems which had an equivalent solution and then worked out one or two from that group of problems. †¢ Teaching materials: He used no other teaching material except the black board. †¢ Learning environment: He learning environment was come and quite which was obvious for science lesson. But the environment was not fear free because of his way of punishment. †¢ Use of teaching materials: Except the blackboard he did not use any other teaching material. †¢ Use of black board: He used the blackboard neatly. His writings were legible and could be seen from even the last bench. He also did not stand parallel to the board making the students facing his back, but stand making angle with the board. But he did not look at the students while writing on the chalk board and the students took the advantage for side talking. Before going out of the class he wiped the board. †¢ Students’ involvement and participation: Students’ involvement and participation is not very high. Moreover most of the participants the conventional good students. †¢ Classroom questioning: After finishing a problem, he encouraged classroom questioning. But to arouse interest he did not asked any question to the students. †¢ Punishment and reward: His quantity of rewards was less than the quantity of punishment. Moreover his way of punishment did not suit to the child psychology. †¢ Classroom control: His classroom controlling power is really strong. No student disturbed in the class while he gave his lesson. Only few students talked in the class while he was using the blackboard. He used a nice technique while calling the rolls. †¢ Teacher student relationship: Teacher student relationship is not friendly, but grim. He maintained a big distance with them. Students were afraid of him. The teacher was caring but not frank. †¢ Way of expressing: He explained the steps of the solution clearly to the students with agile expression. †¢ Expertise in his particular lesson: He had a good expertise on his subject. He can answer the students’ questions proving his sagacity and he had other knowledge related to his subject beyond the text book. †¢ Beginning of the lesson: He didn’t make any specific motivation for the lesson. But his starting was quite good. †¢ Class work observation: He observed the given class by walking and watching the activities of the students entering the passages between the columns. He also gave individual feed back to some students. He did not collect the class work copies from the students. †¢ Home work: He gave homework at the end of the class and at the beginning of the class collected the homework copies. He corrected every copy and gave back the copies that day. But he did not give any feedback according to homework. †¢ Wittiness: Hardly ever he created suitable funny situation in the class making the students laugh. But obviously it is related to the lesson. He used some different words in the class, like he said that if anyone feels any pain in his mind meaning that if they had understood the topic. †¢ Voice and tone: His voice is suitable for the class. It can be heard from the last bench. The changing tone of his voice creates some special situations or attention in the class which is something urgent. †¢ Confidence: His face, behavior, talking shows that he is confident, confident about his expertise and controlling power. It is proved from the situation when students ask him questions and he answered in a very smart way. †¢ Punctuality: He was punctual. He started the class at the right time and finished before 5 minutes for me to introduce myself to the class. †¢ Discipline: The students were disciplined through out his class time. †¢ Cleanliness: He maintains cleanliness in every step. C. Strengths of the teacher: †¢ Good controlling power over the class. †¢ Appropriate voice and flexible tone †¢ Tries to relate the lesson to everyday life. †¢ Maintains the rules of using black board. †¢ Asks the students about the possible way of solving problems to enhance student participation. †¢ Punctual. †¢ He can clarify the salvation of a problem clearly. D. Weakness of the teacher: †¢ Does not give attention to classroom participation and student involvement. †¢ Does not give much emphasis on girls. †¢ Cannot crate a friendly, fear free classroom situation. †¢ Emphasizes on negative reinforcement rather than positive reinforcement. †¢ Bad way of punishment and scolding. †¢ Does not use any other teaching material but the blackboard. †¢ Does not make a specific and effective motivation towards a specific lesson. †¢ He didn’t check the class work copies. E. Possible ways of improving the lesson: †¢ He could use a poster with the necessary algebraic formulas, in this lesson. That poster could hang on one corner of the black board thus the students could remind the formulas in a friendly and effective way. †¢ To be confirmed about the students’ class performance the class work copy of every student can be collected and corrected. And basing on it the teacher can keep a record by grading them about their class work copies. †¢ He could do something at the beginning of the lesson to motivate the students. †¢ If he could check the class work copies of all the students it would help the students to do his class works more sincerely. Conclusion This class observation helped me a lot to improve myself in teaching and learning. In this sense I will ever greatful to the administration of Azimpur School and College for giving me the unique opportunity. Tamanna Kalim Material Developer BRAC Education Programme Bangladesh.

Increasing the Age to 25 When Purchasing Alcohol

In today’s society, alcohol consumption has been taken on as a norm. It can be seen in every arena of life from been seen through the media or through our own personal eyes. When consumed in moderation, alcohol consumption can have some positive effects on individuals. One can get livelier, easier and relaxed. One can also talk more easily and feel less tired. According to some researchers, moderate alcohol use protects against cardiovascular diseases (Carlson, 2009). Socially, some people claim that it also has positive effects. It provides a lot of employment in the production, catering and retail of products and services in which alcohol plays a part. Also, people claim that alcoholic beverages help people socialize. However, if consumed when young, alcohol consumption can have a negative effect. Increasing the age limit on alcohol purchasing to 25 can decrease the consumption rate, misuse rate, and addiction rate among individuals. First, increasing the age limit on alcohol purchasing to 25 can decrease the overall consumption rate. By increasing the drinking age to 25, it can reduce consumption amongst young people because it will be harder to buy alcohol. According to U. S. Department of Health and Human Services for the Centers for Disease Control survey, approximately 52% of Americans over the age of 18 are regular drinkers (Sondik, 2010). The percentage of alcohol consumption can decrease with the increase of the age limit. Secondly, increasing the age limit on alcohol purchasing to 25 can decrease the overall misuse rate of alcohol among the younger crowd. By increasing the drinking age to 25, the group of impaired driver accidents and deaths may decrease. According to the U. S. Drunk Driving Car Accident Statistics, approximately 34% of individuals between the age of 21 and 24 did from vehicle accidents each year (NHTSA, 1997). The percentage of death from motor vehicle accidents and alcohol can decrease with the increase of the age limit. Thirdly, increasing the age limit on alcohol purchasing to 25 will decrease the percentage of individuals that become addicted to alcohol at a young age. The younger a person begins using alcohol, the greater the chance of developing alcohol dependence or abuse some time in their life. Of those who begin drinking at age-18, 16. 6% subsequently are classified with alcohol dependence and 7. 8% with alcohol abuse. If a person waits until age-25 before taking his or her first drink, these risks can decrease by over 60% (Grant, 1997). The percentage of individuals that become addicted to alcohol can decrease with the increase of the age limit. In conclusion, by increasing the age limit on alcohol purchasing to 25 can decrease the consumption rate, misuse rate, and addiction rate among individuals. The overall rates decreasing will benefit every individual in every age group. This can also allow individuals to experience the positive effects of alcohol consumption by being livelier, easier and more relaxed. Work Cited Carlson, Neil H. â€Å"Physiology of Behavior†. Allyn & Bacon, Incorporated: New York, New York. 1 Jan 2009. Grant, B. F. & Dawson, D. A. â€Å"Age of Onset of Alcohol Use and Its Association with DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Study,† Journal of Substance Abuse, 9:103-110, 1997. National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA), â€Å"Traffic Safety Facts 1996: Alcohol,† 1997. http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/alcohol/SocialNorms_Strategy/images/SocialNorms .pdf Sondik, Edward J. â€Å"Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey†. Series 10: Data From the National Health Interview Survey No. 249. August 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_249.pdf

Salaries of Professional Atheletes essays

Salaries of Professional Atheletes essays In the past there were and are many disputes over the high salaries of professional athletes. I think that these athletes should receive the high salaries that they deserve. One reason why I think professional athletes should receive such high salaries is that they are highly skilled. Professional athletes train and practice hard almost everyday and for most of the day. Most professional athletes also have played sports in college. Look at Michael Jordan, he played college basketball. Another reason why I think professional athletes should receive such high salaries is the high risk of injury. When athletes are playing in a game or even in practice, they run a high risk of getting hurt. If they get hurt, they would need some way of paying for their recovery. In addition, if the athlete were permanently injured they would need some way of supporting their family and themselves. Mike Modano, the center for the Dallas Stars, has temporally been injured and probably will not be able to play hockey for the rest of the season. Also a reason why I think professional athletes should receive such high salaries is that the athlete will not be playing the sport that they play for the rest of their life. Most athletes retire after the age of forty. And if that person does not have any skills, other than sports, then they need a way of support financially. Look at John Elway he retired this year. John Elway's wife has cancer and if John was not paid the high salary that he was paid he would not be able to pay for his wife's cancer treatment. The last reason why I think professional athletes should receive such high salaries is the fact that some athletes are role models for so many people. Some athletes contribute to charities that help children, the disabled, and other worthwhile charities. Look at Troy Aikman, he contributes to charities by setting up the Troy Aikman Foundation. Some professional athletes show a great deal...

Crime and Punishment essays

Crime and Punishment essays The young Rodion Romanovitch Raskolnikov, an aspiring, brilliant yet poor student lives in Russia in the early 1860's. It is late summer and Raskolnikovs poverty has forced him into lodging at a cheap dirty garret where he is already deeply indebted to his landlady, Praskovya Pavlovna. His unique views and thought process lead him to make random rants about numerous subjects such as society. These intellectual arguments lean the novel to a more tense and bitter atmosphere. He is without any close friends and cares little for his appearance or composure. Yet he has one major belief that later is shown to be the theme. This belief is based upon the idea that all crimes committed are discovered through the criminals own mishaps caused by their lack of will, ultimately he believes that a criminal conscience is their downfall. He sets to prove this theory by committing the perfect crime. He carefully plans the murder of an old cynical pawn broker, Alyona Ivanovna. Yet the events leading up to the murder, are a great influence on Raskolnikovs actions. At one point he meets an older man in a tavern who tells him off his poverty and self loathing. He explains that he had stolen the money from his wife and later his daughter, whom he had been forced into prostitution, and had spent this money on alcohol. Raskolnikov is utterly disgusted by the man and his tale and vows never to demean himself to such a level. Yet after the murder of the pawn broker and her sister he is struck by bouts of unconsciousness and fitful sleep. His crime and illness lead him to meet new characters who make him question the belief that he founded his crime upon. Dostoevsky uses Raskolnikovs interactions with different characters as a juxtaposition and symbolism of his own personality. When he meets the drunken man in the tavern he is touched with self loathing and self pity as he recognises his own poverty and willingness to demean himself and ot...

The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyng Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyng - Essay Example The first memoire of the book encompasses the life of her and which pictures her duties to both her natal family and to the royal family Choson Korea (1392- 1910) in detail. Her marriage to Sado, the crown prince made her filial to her martial family, but at the same time she showed her dutiful nature to her natal family. Her decision to commit suicide, in order to follow her deceased husband, is barred from her father’s instructions to look after her son who became vulnerable by the death of his father. The life of the Lady HyegyÃ… ng’s duty towards her marital family can be seen by her servile nature to her husband, Sado, who was executed by the King Yongjo, his father. This incident marks as the beginning of her tragedies. Later, the princess Queen Chongsun’s reign made much harm to the social and political position of her family. She wanted to recover the lost position of her family and so when her son, Chongjo ascended into throne she tried her level best to regain the position of her family; but the suspicion of disloyalty caused the death of Hong Inhan, Hong Ponghan’s younger brother. Later the problems could be solve d by the involvement of Lady HyegyÃ… ng. Still the family did not overcome from the tragedies and so in 1801, Hong Nagim, younger brother of Lady HyegyÃ… ng was executed by the regent, Queen dowager. The reign of the grandson of Lady HyegyÃ… ng, Sunjo showed the end of hardships of her family, as the king was compassionate towards his grandmother. The writers, Hyegyonggung Hong Ssi and JaHyun Kim Haboush say that the Lady HyegyÃ… ng‘s filial duty towards her natal family had been shown in her wishes to be judged fairly and therefore in the first memoire she justifies her family and herself (Hong & Haboush 5). Lady HyegyÃ… ng’s first memoire, addressed to the heir of her natal family, is rather a part of the cross section of both families in her life. The Choson family and Hong

Software Quality Assurance - The effectiveness of systems integrity Essay

Software Quality Assurance - The effectiveness of systems integrity assurance actions - Essay Example Mr. Spencer-Jones, the CEO admits that the firm has been under financial pressure due to reduced sales of their Maxil CC5 aircraft. This had been worsened by stiff competition from Vader Aircraft’s Vader XX8 and their yet to be launched Vader XX9 aircrafts. Nonetheless, Maxil has been a model aviation firm, until the recent tragic incident that involved one of their aircrafts, the recently launched Maxil FBW1. This report presents an analysis of the events leading to the accident; it not only indicates how the events contributed to the incident, but also makes recommendations on how improvements can be made in the development of safety critical systems at Maxil. Investigations reveal a lot of loopholes and inconsistencies that could have, in one way or another, caused the accident. Some of these include shortage of experts in engineering, design and programming, poor cooperation among project stakeholders, as well as threats and intimidation of staff. However, it is evident th at the most probable cause of the disaster was the software; data from the flight recorder indicated that the computer controlling the aircraft caused a severe height adjustment moments before the crash. Interviews with the various people involved in the design and development of the software used in the aircrafts indicate that there was a lack of professionalism, right from the programming to the testing phase. However, the most likely cause of the calamity was poor testing. Development and Testing of the Software Software testing starts during the coding of the application. The programmers identify and correct errors in the code as they continue with their work. In this case, despite the fact that Maxil has a team of capable programmers, their knowledge of the ADA and Assembler programming languages, which are utilized in the development of software in the aviation industry, was insufficient. They had to rely on Wayne Goldsmith, himself a design Engineer, to translate the code wri tten by the programmers into either ADA or Assembler. This provided an opportunity for many errors in the code to go unnoticed since only Wayne was sufficiently familiar with both ADA and Assembler. The other problem with testing came about right from management. The Metrics and Quality Manager, Sid Bentley is an expert in Mechanical Engineering, not Software Engineering. His knowledge in product and metrics testing was, therefore, not sufficient in software testing; he had just started learning about code analysis, GQM, CMM, and PROFES. He relied on the integrity and professionalism of the software engineers and a strict testing regime, hoping they would deliver quality software. However, this was not realized because of the unprofessional conduct of the programmers, coupled with the absence of a well structured testing rubric for the applications. These are evidenced by the fact that the team of programmers was not available to test the software when they were needed. In addition, much as they claimed to have the knowledge to test the software, it is not entirely professional for programmers to test their own software. The integrity of the software came into question after the testing session that was carried out by John Garside. The fact that Ralph Plunket delivered the code late, together with the threats