The Super Bowl Xvii Essay - 1049 Words

The year was January 22, 1984. During the third quarter of the Super Bowl XVII, the ramming Raiders dominated the field with an extra touchdown, thus leaving the washout Redskins at a bust. Americans were absolutely enthralled by the silver and gold spectacle being played out before them. In this moment of grand jubilee, the colorful pulsating screens across the nation suddenly went dark. An ominous silence pervaded the air for a few moments. Then an eerie tune sung out. Images of mindless drones were projected. Their faces, although human, were expressionless and cold. They all marched forward in perfect unison. In this dreary dystopia, only the sound of a single voice can be heard. The voice of an all-powerful and all-seeing tyrant. His ominous face loomed over a gigantic screen. A woman surged forward—an army of strongmen ran after her in pursuit—and relinquished a sledgehammer onto the projection. In this single moment the launch of a revolution began. Without ever showing the audience their product, the Mackintosh computer, Apple is able to masterfully incorporate a message of originality, rebellion, and liberation through their ingenious use of allusion, dialogue, and appeal to pathos. The desolate and dreary dystopian society of Oceania is the setting to Apple’s Mackintosh commercial. This is a direct allusion to George Orwell’s renowned novel, 1984. In this fictional society, Oceania is a nation that is governed by an oppressive totalitarian government. The ominousShow MoreRelatedA Description of the History of the NFL Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageslater known as the Super Bowl. This merger allowed the city of New Orleans to add an NFL team, the Saints. In 1970 the leagues officially merged under the name, National League Football. The NFL then adopted many of the rules that the AFL had, such as the on-field game clock, names on the back of jerseys, and added more southern teams. In the 1970s and 80s the NFL solidified its dominance in the eyes of America and became the number one watched sport in America. The Super Bowl is now an unofficialRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.2282 Words   |  10 Pagesmasses and offered a wide array of uses and resources which were used. What is the historical significance of the first Mac? The most notable historical event leading to the release of the Macintosh was the Television ad which aired at the Super Bowl XVII during the third quarter. The ad is around a minute long and features a woman throwing a sledgehammer towards a screen by the means of freeing humanity from compliance. The screen explodes to white as the sledgehammer makes contact and the adRead MoreAmerican Popular Culture and Its Impact in a Globalized World8501 Words   |  35 Pages(1995) says that different societies, different groups within societies, and societies and groups in different his-torical periods can all have their own popular culture and that therefore one ought not to hold to a strict and exclusive definition (xvii), but I do not believe, however, that Hebdiges definition quoted in Strinatis introductory paragraph of An introduction to the theories of popular culture suffices: popular culture Ââ€" e.g. a set of generally available artefacts: films, recordsRead MorePrinciples of Micr oeconomics Fifth Canadian Edition20085 Words   |  81 Pagesdoes not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii How the Book Is Organized xvii Walk-Through xx New in This Fifth Canadian Edition xxiii Supplements xxiv About the Authors xxvii Acknowledgments xxviii Tupungato/Shutterstock.com How the Economy as a Whole Works 13 Principle #8: A Country’s Standard of LivingRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesPlanning Information Systems Resources 519 Leading the Information Systems Function 536 Information Security 561 Social, Ethical, and Legal Issues 575 Glossary 668 Index 691 iii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xvii Chapter 1 Managing IT in a Digital World 1 Recent Information Technology Trends 2 Computer Hardware: Faster, Cheaper, Mobile 2 Computer Software: Integrated, Downloadable, Social 2 Computer Networks: High Bandwidth, Wireless,Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. 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In race riots, too, Los Angeles was a â€Å"shock† city. The riot in Los Angeles’s Watts neighborhood in 1965 was one of the worst of Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganization: Downsizing 494 Why Do Structures Differ? 496 Organizational Strategy 496 †¢ Organization Size 498 †¢ Technology 498 †¢ Environment 499 Organizational Designs and Employee Behavior 501 Summary and Implications for Managers 502 CONTENTS xvii S A L Self-Assessment Library Do I Like Bureaucracy? 480 Self-Assessment Library How Willing Am I to Delegate? 486 glOBalization! The Global Organization 489 An Ethical Choice Downsizing with a Conscience 496 Myth or Science? â€Å"Employees Resent

Sales Procedures and Logistics of Usha Martin - 6187 Words

ON SALES PROCEDURES amp; LOGISTICS PREPARED FOR AND PRESENTED TO (WIRE amp; WIRE ROPE SPECIALITY DIVISION, RANCHI) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mr. ARUN KUMAR DEY (Assistant Manager) (Sales Co-ordination) SUBMITTED BY NIKHIL KIRAN BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI.(2008-11) ANKIT KHANDELWAL BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI.(2008-11) VIKASH KUMAR DUBEY BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI.(2008- 11) DECLARATION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work presented in the project entitled â€Å"SALES PROCEDURES AND LOGISTICS OF USHA MARTIN†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The name was changed to Usha Martin Black Ltd. in 1979 and further changed to Usha Martin Industries Ltd.(UMIL) in 1983. 1962 –the production was started and the turnover that year was 996 MT and Rs.22.34 lakhs respectively. 1965 - UMIL promoted Usha Ismal Ltd. (UIL) in collaboration with CCL Systems Ltd of UK for the manufacture of fittings and accessories, equipment for pre-stressed concrete system, wire ropes and wire ropes splicing equipment at Ranchi. UIL merged with UMIL in 1990 and became a division of the company 1969-promoted Usha Brecko Ltd. To design, construct and erect Arial ropeway. 1971 - UMIL promoted Usha Alloy Steels Limited (UASL) for the manufacture of billets at Jamshedpur. UASL merged with UMIL in 1988. 1975 - UASL acquired an ongoing rolling mill at Agra. 1975 - UMIL set up its Machinery Division at Bangalore for the manufacture of Wire Drawing and allied machines in technical collaboration with Marshall Richards Barcro Limited (MRB) of UK. 1979 - In order to obtain steady supply of wire rods for its wire rope plant, UASL set up a Wire Rod Rolling Mill at Jamshedpur. 1980-Promote Usha Siam steel industry Ltd. in Thailand to manufacturing wire, wire rope , and auto control cables. 1986-Promote Usha Beltrone Ltd. To manufacture Jelly filled. 1987 - UMIL, along with Bihar State Electronics Development Corporation, promoted UshaShow MoreRelatedSales Procedures and Logistics of Usha Martin6181 Words   |  25 Pages ON SALES PROCEDURES amp; LOGISTICS PREPARED FOR AND PRESENTED TO (WIRE amp; WIRE ROPE SPECIALITY DIVISION, RANCHI) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mr. ARUN KUMAR DEY (Assistant Manager) (Sales Co-ordination) SUBMITTED BY NIKHIL KIRAN BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI.(2008-11) ANKIT KHANDELWAL BBA, BIT MESRA,

The American Civil War - 1654 Words

The Civil War was fought from 1861-1865. And since the end of the war historians have been trying to figure out what caused the bloodiest war in American history. What would cause brother to fight against brother? Could it be the Emancipation Proclamation, which was an executive order given by President Lincoln that freed the slaves in the states that had seceded. Was it the election of Abraham Lincoln in November of 1860 trigger the desire to secede from the nation? Or was it the tariffs, such as the tariff of 1816 and the Tariff of Abomination, which caused the South, thought they were being treated unfairly economically? The main cause of the American Civil War was economic reasons. This is because the South felt like they were being†¦show more content†¦This made it so there was more competition for the cotton, but with the tariff the South had to trade with the north due to the tax that was imposed by the tariff. This ended up giving the North a better deal on cotton, w hich hurt the South, because they could not sell it for as much due to the lack of a foreign market for it. Another tariff that the South didn’t like was the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abomination. This lead to the Nullification Crisis by South Carolina, because they did not want the tariff, and the point of the tariff was to benefit northern industrialists. In document E it says, â€Å"’Nullification’ movement in South Carolina was entirely directed against the tariff.† This is because it hurt South Carolina and the South. The Southern State believed in a state sovereignty and because of that South Carolina believed that they had the right to nullify this tariff and could even threaten to secede. This starts to show how Southern states will secede if they believe that they are being treated unfairly, and that laws are made to benefit the only the North. The South was against the Tariff of Abomination, and because of that they felt like t hat they were being treated unfairly. Document G is a speech by Jefferson Davis where he says that a state has the right to go against the government if they feel that they are justified. This is because he believed in state sovereignty, which South

Class President Speech free essay sample

The pancreas is a large gland, situated in the peritoneal cavity, in the curve of the duodenum. It is the pancreas that is responsible for aiding the body’s endocrine system. (Darlington College 2011). The pancreas releases two endocrine hormones and it is these hormones that ensure the blood glucose levels within the body are constantly controlled. These hormones are glucagon and insulin and they are secreted from tiny clusters of cells within the pancreas, know as the islets of Langerhans. Glucagon is a hyper- glycaemic hormone, secreted by the islets alpha cells. Its main function is to increase the level of glucose in the blood. This is a vital process when blood sugar levels become low. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down its excess glycogen into glucose. The glucose then passes into the blood stream and the homeostasis of blood glucose level is restored. Insulin is a hypo- glycaemic hormone that is secreted by the islets beta cells, in response to high blood glucose levels. Insulin decreases the level of glucose in the blood by stimulating its uptake by the skeletal muscles, liver and adipose cells. The skeletal muscles uptake glucose, to give energy for movement and the glucose that travels to the liver is converted into glycogen, and stored here until it is needed. The adipose cells use glucose for cell metabolism. Once sufficient glucose has been removed from the blood, the beta cells slow the secretion of insulin, so that homeostasis is again restored. (Glenn, 2005, pg84). Both insulin and glucagon are vital to ensure that the body constantly has enough fuel to supply its cells with the energy needed to enable them to function normally. Question 2 Peter’s normal blood glucose concentration will be approximately 4. mmol. After he eats his balanced meal his blood sugar levels will rise to around 8. 0mmol. This is because Peter’s meal will contain carbohydrates. In response to this rise in blood sugar levels insulin is secreted by Peter’s pancreas’s beta cells. The release of insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into his body cells and this vital process maintains the energy levels within the cell. When glucose is absorbed in the cells, the blood sugar levels fall again. This occurs because the excess sugar, present in the carbohydrates in Peter’s meal, that caused his blood sugar levels to rise, has been used up. This is what allows the blood glucose concentration to return to normal. (Glenn, 2005, pg85). When peters blood sugar levels drop, because he needs more food, glucagon is released from the pancreas alpha cells in response. Glucagon is a hormone that calls on the liver, which has its own glucose store, in the form of glycogen. Glycogen will release from the liver to allow the blood sugar to rise until it returns back to its normal rate. (Bowen, 2002). It is vital that Peter’s blood glucose levels are maintained at a normal rate, in-between his meals as large fluctuations in these levels can cause convulsions and could even induce a coma. Question 3 The body’s internal environment is constantly controlled and balanced by homeostasis. Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium that is maintained through the body’s response to a change in conditions. There are many regulating systems within the body that work together to constantly control the internal environment. The nervous system and the endocrine system work very closely alongside one another to keep the body normal and in balance. Feedback systems are vital in keeping the body regulated. All feedback systems are made up of a receptor, a control centre and an effector. The receptor is able to detect any changes that may have occurred and send a message to the brain to tell it that it needs to respond. The brain acts as the control centre and is responsible for evaluating the messages it receives from the receptors. Once the messages have been processed the control centre generates a command, if one is needed. The commands are received by the effectors, which produce a response that is then able to change the controlled condition. (Darlington College 2011). A negative feedback system reverses the change in a controlled condition. When the body’s blood glucose levels fall too low, specialised receptors pick up this information and relay it the hypothalamus part of the brain, which forms the control centre. The hypothalamus then activates the response of the effector that allows the body’s blood glucose level to rise. When the levels become within normal range the receptors stop picking up the messages and no longer send them to the hypothalamus. This prevents the blood glucose levels then becoming too high and enables homeostasis of the internal environment to be restored. (Darlington College 2011). Question 4 The body’s endocrine and nervous systems work very closely together to form the body’s major communication system. If a problem arises with one of these systems, homeostasis is upset. For instance: If the islets beta cells do not produce any insulin, such as in diabetes, the blood sugar levels will just continue to rise. This would cause extremely high blood sugar levels which would in turn go on to affect the body’s nervous system and could result in a coma occurring. The nervous system works in conjunction with the endocrine system by using nerve impulses and rapidly responding to stimuli, in order to adjust body processes.

After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Japanese we Essay Example For Students

After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Japanese we Essay re very successful in the Pacific. They controlled the waters from the Gilbert and Solomon Islands to Asias mainland, about 4500 miles by March 1942. Only the southern part of New Guinea and the Bataan peninsula of Luzon in the Philippines were beyond their control. The Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Thailand, and Burma were also part of their acquisition. While destroying their enemys navies, the Japanese lost no ships larger than a destroyer. The Allies decided on a more active defense policy to prevent further loses in the Pacific. Holding onto their remaining bases was a major concern if they were going to go on the offensive against the Nazis. Hawaii and Samoa were their key bases in protecting the seas from the US to Australia. The Japanese tended to use their few submarines to attack warships, so allied supply convoys were seldom attacked. During the attack on Pearl Harbor, the US was fortunate to have aircraft carriers at sea. The navy used these carriers for nuisance raids on Japanese held islands such as Wake. General James Doolittle launched an attack by B-25s on the Japanese capital, Tokyo. Without causing extensive damage, the Japanese people were given a hint of what was to come, and it boosted American morale. The Japanese established a defensive perimeter running from the Aleutian Islands through Midway, Wake, the Marshalls, the Gilberts, Figi, Samoa to New Guinea and the Solomons in the hopes of stopping air raids similar to the one on Tokyo. They hoped to disrupt American supply convoys as well. Planes patroled the waters between the islands, and the Japanese navy was centered ready to go anywhere they were needed. Although this would help them to save face, it would later be known as a victory disease. The Japanese navy, under the skilled leadership of Admiral Yamamoto hoped for a victory at the Battle of Coral Sea. In 1942, unless the Allied Pacific Fleet was destroyed, the allies would be strong enough to launch an offensive against the Japanese. This battle was a demonstration of how modern science changed the war. It was the first encounter of aircraft carriers. Both sides suffered heavy losses during this battle, including the sinking of the US carrier Lexington. Although this was a tactical victory for the Japanese, it was a strategic success for the Americans because it affected the total picture of the war. To gain an advantage in the Coral Sea, the Japanese were forced to recall their fleet, which forced them to halt their drive toward Australia. The Japanese regarded the island of Midway as the key to their perimeter defense. It was easy for them to disable the allied fleet by bombing Pearl Harbor from Midway. Yamamoto planned for a showdown with Admiral Nimitz. The US fleet had a magic decoder and knew exactly where the Japanese were going. So the US fleet was ready and waiting for the Midway attack on June 4, 1942. US carrier planes sank four of Japans best carriers and destroyed their best air support, handing Japan its first great naval defeat. The balance of naval power had now shifted to the US for the first time in World War II. This decisive battle forced the Japanese to abandon their plans of overtaking Midway, Fiji and Samoa. The Japanese made one final attempt to take New Guinea. They seized Guadalcanal, one of the nearby Solomon Islands and established an air base there. Guadalcanal was the stepping stone for the Allies, necessary for their return to the Philippines and their invasion of Japan. .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee , .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee .postImageUrl , .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee , .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee:hover , .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee:visited , .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee:active { border:0!important; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee:active , .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaab2f901fc58d0a3717361da5af8cbee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Foalktales1 Essay Shoestring was the nickname of the attack on the Japanese base construction on Guadalcanal. It was an attack of few men and equipment, and coincided with forces and supplies gathering for the invasion of North Africa. On August 7, 1942, 20,000 marines landed on Guadalcanal. Followed by more landings leading to the Battle of Savo Island 2 days later. The Japanese successfully sank four out of five allied cruisers protecting transports unloading at Guandalcanal. The marines were left short of supplies. Hand to hand combat continued in the jungles of Guadalcanal. Marines were specially trained for this type of combat and they displayed their reputation for heroism. .

Nonverbal Communication Residence Essay - Building A Solid Foundation

Nonverbal Communication Residence Essay - Building A Solid FoundationHaving a sample nonverbal communication reflection essay for your own personal needs can be a great help when preparing for that critical paper. We all know that the preparation for the final paper is the most important part of the writing process, but getting the right information for the sample essay is also quite vital. If you are going to follow this advice then you should be able to obtain many beneficial results, as they will be provided here:- Find out as much as you can about yourself before beginning the actual essay. Consider your knowledge and interests, and then go over them in detail in your own words. This will allow you to clearly express your vision of yourself and give your sample essay authenticity of expression.- Don't ever forget that the writing sample is not going to be all you write, you are going to want to revise it for further reading. Spend the time to develop a style of writing that you t hink would suit you best. It's never too late to get good at writing and improving yourself, so don't give up easily!- Get a writing sample from someone else that's on your committee. Ask for the same thing for writing your own essay and for reference. You don't want to get so wrapped up in creating your own that you forget the other guy's opinions, which may have some very useful things to say.- Follow up in some way with the person who gave you the writing sample. Make sure you get the same quality for your own writing as you got for the other person. This way, you will be sure to get the same benefits for your essay, and also you will make sure to get your own opinions heard!- Be patient with yourself. You will need time to do the work on your own, but if you want to see results, you are going to need some extra time.- Believe in yourself! You can get the same results and this time around, you won't be able to hold back from doing it. Just know that you are the only one who can h elp you achieve this!By taking these tips to heart, you can begin working on your nonverbal communication reflection essay today! And as long as you take some time to try to improve yourself, you should begin to see some great improvements in your writing as well!

The Influence of Polish Cuisine and Traditions in American Society Essay Example

The Influence of Polish Cuisine and Traditions in American Society Essay Poland is situated in the very heart of Europe. The geometrical central point of the whole continent can be found in the town of Schowola in the east of the country. Poland is 1,042 years old. Officially founded in 966 when prince Mieszko I adopted Christianity as the official religion, which resulted in the new establishment of political bonds with the rest of the Europe. The population of Poland is around 38 million. The World War II toll on Poland was a staggering 6 million-including 3 million Jews slaughtered in the Nazi death camps. At present, more than 98 percent of the people are Poles, with small groups of Ukrainians, Belorussians, Germans, Slovaks and Lithuanians. Polish traditional food, a cuisine that was suppressed during Communist times, is now making a comeback. Polish Food is diverse and delicious. It is made with almost all of the four basic food groups in mind, with a little something from each in every dish (Veterano, 2008). Polish cuisine and dining table etiquette is a perfect reflection of the warmth in the Polish character. Having a meal with ones family is not just consumption of food it is celebration. Guests are always welcomed (Grocer, 2006). Breakfasts are generally heavy with vegetables and cold cuts of meat; dinners, even more so. Only suppers are a tad lighter, perhaps, keeping in touch with the universal proverb: After dinner rest a while, after supper walk a mile. The Poles are the original potato eaters and potatoes have been the darlings of the Polish kitchens through centuries. Meat is also a mainstay (cold cuts and sausages mainly) and is grilled more or less ceremoniously at the country home, in the garden, or on the front lawn (Zamojska-Hutchins, 1985). We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Polish Cuisine and Traditions in American Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Polish Cuisine and Traditions in American Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Polish Cuisine and Traditions in American Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Poland is a haven for food buffs. Polish cuisine ranges from the simple to the exotic, with a dish to suit the most eclectic and eccentric of taste buds. In Poland, you have staple foods, seasonal foods as well as territorial foods. Polish food ranges from kielbasa (Polish sausage), to Golabki (stuffed pigeon) and bigos (hunters stew) to stuffed eggs, and from dumpling soup to mushrooms in sour cream. Meat is an important feature of most Polish food, so the main meal in Poland nearly always consists of some type of meat. Pork is the national meat of Poland and many main course dishes will contain it. There are also many other dishes containing meat and other dishes containing fish. These fish dishes make use of: eel, pike, perch, carp, sturgeon, sea fish, catfish and many others. There are also many desserts like poppy seed cake, crullers, royal mazurek, a dish much like a cherry pie, saffron babas, and buckwheat and raisin pudding (Veterano, 2008). Dring the Late Middle Ages, the cuisine of Poland was very heavy and spicy. The two main ingredients were meat and cereal. As the territory of Poland was densely forested, use of mushrooms, forest fruits, nuts and honey was also widespread. Thanks to close trade relations with Asia, the price of spices was much lower than in the rest of Europe, and spicy sauces became popular. With the ascension of the Italian queen Bona Sforza, in 1518, countless cooks were brought to Poland from Italy and France. If in France one cannot count all the types of cheese, in Poland the same applies to sausages and cold cuts. Polish food is a mixture of Slavic culinary which is rich in chicken, pork, and different types of noodles (Grocer, 2006). The main meal is eaten about 2pm, and is usually composed of three courses, starting with a soup, followed an appetizer, then the main course which is usually meat (Zamojska-Hutchins, 1985). Until the Partitions, Poland was one of the largest countries in the world, encompassing many regions with their own, distinctive culinary traditions. Among the most influential in that period were Lithuanian, Jewish, German and Hungarian cuisine. With the subsequent decline of Poland, and the grain production crisis that followed The Deluge, potatoes began to replace the traditional use of cereal. Also, because of numerous wars with the Ottoman Empire, coffee became popular. Under the partitions, the cuisine of Poland became heavily influenced by cuisines of the surrounding empires. This included Russian and German cuisines, but also the culinary traditions of most nations of the Austro-Hungarian empire. In the Russian-occupied part of the country, tea displaced the then-popular coffee. Under German influence the tradition of making white sausages was adopted in Greater Poland. Perhaps the most influential was the culinary tradition of multi-national empire of Austria-Hungary, which led to development of a Central European cuisine in Galicia (Veterano, 2008). After the end of World War II, Poland fell under Communist occupation. Restaurants were at first nationalized and then mostly closed down by the authorities. Instead, the communists envisioned a net of lunch rooms for the workers at various companies, and milk bars. The very few restaurants that survived the 1940s and 1950s were state-owned and were mostly unavailable to common people due to high prices (Grocer 2006). The lunch rooms promoted mostly inexpensive meals, including in soups of all kinds and noodles such as pierogi. A typical second course consisted of some sort of a ground meat cutlet served with potatoes. With time, the shortage economy led to chronic shortages of meat, eggs, coffee, tea and other basic ingredients of daily use. Many products like chocolate, sugar, meat were rationed, with a specific limit depending on social class and health requirements. Physical workers and pregnant women were generally entitled to more food products. Imports were restricted, so much of food supply was domestic. Thus no tropical fruits (citrus, banana, pineapple etc. ) were available and fruits and vegetables vere mostly seasonal: occurring only in the summer. For most of the year the Poles had to live by with only domestic winter fruit and vegetables: apples, onions, potatoes, cabbage, root vegetables. This situation led in turn to gradual replacement of traditional Polish cuisine with food prepared of anything that was available at the moment (Kapowski, 1998). Among the popular dishes introduced by the public restaurants was an egg cutlet, a sort of a hamburger made of minced or instant egg and flour. The traditional recipes were mostly preserved during the Wigilia feast (Christmas Eve), for which most families tried to prepare 12 traditional courses. With the end of communism in Poland in 1989, restaurants started to be opened once again and basic foodstuffs were once again easily obtainable. This led to a gradual return of traditional Polish cuisine, both in everyday life and in restaurants. In addition, restaurants and supermarkets promote the usage of ingredients typical to other cuisines of the world. Among the most notable of ingredients that started to be commonly used in Poland were cucurbit, zucchini and all kinds of fish. During communist times, these were available mostly in the seaside regions. At the same time, fast food is growing more and more popular in Poland. Apart from McDonalds and KFC, Pizza Hut is very popular, as well as many Polish pizza chains. Pizza in Poland is characterized by the Polish habit of using ketchup on top of the pizza, rather than sauce. There are many small-scale, quick-service restaurants which usually serve items such as zapiekanka (baguette with cheese, sometimes meat and/or button mushroom and ketchup), kebap, hamburgers, hot dogs and kielbasa (Kapowski, 1998). Bruderszaft is a fraternal toast, a sealing of comradeship and declining it can be seen as an insult. Relationships become more cordial after this ceremony and people graduate to using first name of each other. Bruderszaft is two people raising toasts simultaneously with arms interlocked and downing their drinks together. The last part is an exchange of kisses and a â€Å"Call me Marek,† – â€Å"Call me John† (Nikkhah 2007). There are many different types of Polish food. First there are many different kinds of soups. Chlodnik is a cold soup made of soured milk, young beet leaves, beets, cucumbers and chopped fresh dill. Then there are many different kinds of main dishes. Bigos is a stew of sauerkraut and meat, similar to the French choucroute, but generally less acidic and including unfermented cabbage. Nalesniki is creps which are either folded in to triangles or rolled in to a tube typical servings include sweet white cheese with sugar and sour cream, various fruits topped with bita smietana (whipped cream) or with bite bialka (whipped egg whites). The most popular noodle dish is called Pierogi. Pierogis look like the Chinese dumpling and are usually fried. They can be stuffed with cheese, potato, sauerkraut, blueberries or other fruits. You can top them off with sour cream or sugar. Another widely known dish is Kielbasa. Kielbasa is a Polish sausage that is usually boiled. You can eat it with mustard, ketchup or bar-be-que sauce. Kielbasa also refers to a garlic flavored smoked sausage, made from pork or beef and pork. Kielbasa usually is sold precooked in medium rings about 18 inches long and an inch and a half thick. Polish cuisine also contains many sweet desserts. Paczek resembles a jelly donut. It is filled with rose marmalade or other fruit preservatives. Kutia is the typical Christmas dessert. It is small square pasta with poppy seeds, nuts, raisins, and honey. Zrazy is Polish traditional food that will stick to your ribs. A filling of bacon, breadcrumbs, mushrooms, and cucumber is rolled inside a seasoned slice of sirloin beef then fried or grilled to allow the flavors to mingle. With a side of mizeria, or cucumber salad, you’ll have a meal bursting with all the flavors of the best Polish traditional food. This chilled salad is composed of thinly sliced cucumbers, sprigs of dill, and chopped onion in a sour cream and lemon juice dressing (Nikkhah, 2007). In Poland bread is treated almost with religious reverence since the early days. Many people, until now, mark freshly backed bread with the sign of the cross, newly wed couple is welcomed at the entrance of their home with bread and salt, bread is blessed during Christmas and Easter. Religion is also a big part of the Polish customs. To the Polish families Christmas Eve is more important than Christmas Day. A bunch of hay is put under the tablecloth and it is supposed to bring good crops and remind everyone of the poverty in which Jesus was born. In some houses this is accompanied today by money, a fish scale or bone put into a wallet all to ensure affluence in the New Year. An extra set of plates and cutlery is laid on the table for an unexpected guest. Sometimes an empty plate is a reminder of those who have passed away. Traditionally, Christmas Eve dinner begins when the first star has appears in the sky. The family wishes one another all the best for the New Year and, as a sign of reconciliation, love, friendship and peace, and share oplatek (Christmas wafers) that symbolize holy bread. Fun Facts About Poland, 2008) The dinner consists only of meatless dishes. Traditionally, there should be twelve courses reflecting the number of months in the year or, in different interpretation, Christs apostles. Fun facts about Poland. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 16, 2008, from http://www. funfactsaboutpoland. com/polish-traditions. html. Grocer. Cuisine with a bit of extra Polish. (2006, Nov 18). Business Company Resource Center, p. 49. Kapowski, S. , Ruth, T. (1998). I Am Polish American (Our American Family). New York, NY: Powerkids Press. Nikkhah, R. Polish becomes fastest growing ethnic cuisine. (2007, April 15). Sunday Telegraph, p. 013. Polish Food. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 15, 2008, from http://www. anglik. net/polish_food. htm. Polish Traditional Foods. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 17, 2008, from http://goeasteurope. about. com/od/poland/a/polishfood. htm Veterano, Liz. Cuisine is authentic at Cheektowagas Polish Villa. (2008, May 16). Business First of Buffalo, p. 18. Zamojska-Hutchins, D (1985). Cooking the Polish Way (East Menu Ethnic Cookbooks). Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publishing Group.